Risk Markers for Spousal Violence
Interpersonal elements:
- low self-esteem
- fear of intimacy
- high power/control needs
- high levels of anger/hostility
- depression
- low stress tolerance
- defensiveness
- denial/minimization/justification of own violence
- possessiveness/suspiciousness/jealousy of partner
- poor communication with partner
- guardedness in all relationships
- difficulty expressing affection
- verbal aggressiveness
- negative attitudes toward women
- violence in family of origin
- alcohol/other drug abuse
- un- or under-employment
- child abuse (more than half of all batterers also abuse their children)
A History of:
- having been severely abused by parents as a child
- having perpetrated severe spousal abuse
- separations and divorces
- using a weapon
- arrests
- antisocial personality
- alcohol abuse or dependency
- generalized aggression
- emotional volatility
- high levels of dysphoria, alienation, dependency
- availability of a weapon
- recent separation
- threat of divorce
- child custody dispute
- recent escalation of violence
- verbal or non-verbal threats
- open hostility toward spouse
- isolation from supports for non-violent resolution of problems
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